Corruption in Former Soviet Countries Essay - 1482 Words

Corruption in Former Soviet Countries Administrative corruption and state capture generally occur as the result of inadequate institutional structures and policies that do not support competition and free trade. Predictably, these inefficiencies have been especially prevalent in the transition process from a socialist to a market economy. Consequently, combating corruption has become a major factor in the debate over optimal reform strategies. Numerous theorists have suggested shock therapy as the optimal method to minimize corruption, but empirical evidence shows mixed results throughout transition economies. Overall, state capture and administrative corruption have had extremely negative economic, social, and political†¦show more content†¦Despite a high margin of error due to obvious concerns with reliability (given the nature of the subject), results have clearly indicated high levels of corruption throughout the transition economies. State capture has been particularly difficult to measure and often u nderstated in BEEPS data, because it only measures state capture that includes involvement from private firms. Nevertheless, data from this category has proven to be excessively high, especially in CIS countries, where state capture indexes are as high as 41 (as in Azerbijan), indicating an average percentage of firms involved in six different forms of state capture such as the sale of criminal court decisions and the sale of parliamentary votes. Administrative Corruption rates are also astoundingly high, with payments constituting 3.7 percent of annual revenues in CIS countries, 2.2 percent of revenues in Central Eastern Europe, and an alarming 17 percent of profits in the entire region. Results from BEEPS and the EBRD have also shown a direct negative correlation between levels of corruption and various economic and social indicators such as investment and growth, tax payments, poverty, inequality, and the credibility of the state. Together, this empirical evidence indicates the massive, negative impact that results from both types of corruption and identifies corruption as one of the leading causes of transition failure. Administrative corruption and state capture haveShow MoreRelatedCorruption in Higher Education by Paul Temple and Georgy Petrov758 Words   |  4 Pagesbribes. Corruption is the most dangerous disease of the world. It is undesirable for every society if corruption grows in education sector. It is an undeniable fact that Azerbaijan is the country which suffers from corruption, especially in education. I will mainly focus on corruption in state universities of Azerbaijan, more particularly its background, its current level, causes, culprits, general solutions, and my solutions to the problem. Background As mentioned in the book called â€Å"Corruption in HigherRead MoreRussia And The Soviet Union1670 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the Beginning of the Soviet Union, the West opposed the communist nation ideologically, the capitalist West feared communism. Communism was the reason that the Soviet Union was not compatible with the Western capitalist nations. With the end of the Soviet Union and the birth of capitalism in Russia, the West believed that their eastern problem was over, although as time would tell this assumption would be incorrect. Over the next decade, Russia would exert their power over boarding nations tryingRead MoreRussias Solution to Drug Use1439 Words   |  6 Pagessize of Russia’s drug trade, both domestic and international has not always been as large as it is today. A UN study on the Russian drug trade has described Russia as â€Å" a country in which a variety of illegal drugs are produced, transited to final markets in Western Europe, and consumed by a growing number of young people. The former USSR did not participate significantly in the international narcotics markets as a consumer or supplier of illicit substances. This pattern of relative self-sufficiencyRead MoreWhat Was The Fall Of The Soviet Union1089 Words   |  5 PagesFall of Soviet Union In December of 1991, the Soviet Union separated into fifteen distinctive countries. Its collapse was enthusiastically greeted by the west as a triumph for freedom. This is a victory of democracy over totalitarianism. The US celebrated as its dreadful enemy defeated, thereafter ending the Cold War, which had fought between two superpowers, America and Soviet Union, since the end of World War II. Cory Booker says, â€Å"If you look at great human civilizations, from the Roman EmpireRead MorePolice Corruption in Russia1430 Words   |  6 PagesPolice corruption is defined as when police, in exercising or failing to exercise their authority act with primary intention of furthering private or departmental / division advantage. Police corruption is a big problem all around the world especially in Russia. The Russian citizens have always been on alert when it comes to the police because of the bad laws, failure of knowing there right as citizens, and sticking up for there themselves. Russ ia is 133rd country out of 176 in the corruption perceptionRead MoreChange Comes At A Price1415 Words   |  6 PagesChange comes at a price. Moldova’s economy is in a critical condition. This small country is a former Soviet Union republic located in the southeastern region of Europe, next to Romania. Its separation from the single-party communist state resulted in devastating economic consequences and increased number of people living in poverty. Moldova is considered the poorest country in Europe based on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The economic crisis in Moldova is a result of the deterioratingRead More From Communism to Democracy Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesthe sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existenceRead MoreEssay on Czechoslovakia875 Words   |  4 PagesWith the collapse of the Soviet authority in 1989, many of the Eastern European countries claimed their independence, and started the process of Democratization in a Post-Communist environment. On January 1, 1993, almost three years after they claimed independence, the first Czechoslovakian constitution was ratified, thus putting the wheel of Democracy into motion. For a little more than ten years, Czechoslovakia has been fashioning itself into a more Democratized country. I am going to examineRead MoreEvents Causes And Consequences Of President Ronald Reagan992 Words   |  4 Pageswanted a firm, patriotic leader who had a plan to fix the economic problems carrying over from the 1970s. Jimmy Carter was running for reele ction, and Americans overall were very unhappy with his leadership. Ronald Reagan emerged as his challenger, a former actor with great public skills and a plan. They elected Ronald Reagan in 1980 who had a controversial plan for fixing the U.S. economy, later dubbed â€Å"Reaganomics.† 1980 Regan’s Plan The economy focused on cutting taxes, reducing the size of governmentRead MoreCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why It Failed1561 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why it Failed Communism is defined as a system of political and economic organization in which property is owned by the community and all citizens share in the enjoyment of the common wealth, more or less according to their need. In 1917 the rise of power in the Marxist-inspired Bolsheviks in Russia along with the consolidation of power by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, the word communism came to mean a totalitarian system controlled by a single political

The Hardship Of American Slavery - 1082 Words

The Hardship of American Slavery Jean-Jacques Rousseau once said, â€Å"Men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains.†(Mulder) Well it is the exact opposite, men are born in chains, and they will have to earn their freedom, because nothing is free in this world or there is no such thing as free lunch as they say. Bing dictionary defines the word slavery as â€Å"the state or condition of being held in involuntary servitude as the property of somebody else.† (Bing Dictionary) They were sold and purchased at many different auctions, and most of the time, they were miserable and afraid. Imagine being traded around like a piece of clothing, wear and tear shows through you, and being shipped to a foreign country. The slaves really had a hard time with their lives. Many Americans ruined African Americans’ lives by treating them as lesser beings and using them for their own needs, this not only takes away their freedom but also their dignity and since the Americ ans took away the slave’s freedom, they shall not deserve any themselves. The slaves were treated poorly and often beaten so the slaves would stay obedient to their master. â€Å"The diary of Bennet H. Barrow, a slave owner from Louisiana, documents almost every one of his daily beating and torturing of slaves, accompanied enigmatically by extensive moral explanations as to why such punishments were necessary.† (San Jose State University) The slaves were confused because they had done nothing wrong, but they were still often getShow MoreRelatedThe American Paradox By Morgan Roney Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages Morgan Roney The American Paradox From the time of the colonial period to the early national period, hardships came about because of differing opinions and views on peoples’ rights. Slavery was a major issue for African Americans along with issues involving equality, race, and liberty. Slavery mainly arose because of the high demand for crops and goods as the world evolved. In the articles by Morgan, Breen and Innes, Holton, Levy, and Rothman the issues dealing with slavery, liberty, and equalityRead MoreThe Effects of Slavery on the African-American Family Structure1272 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Slavery on the African American Family Structure Slavery had an immense impact on African American families, as the familial dynamic of the African American family was in many ways responsible for the stereotypes surrounding black families in the present moment. Not only were families the sole property of their slave owner, but there were laws restricting their rights and privileges. However, despite the fact that the African American slave family existed in a perpetually tumultuousRead MoreLiterature’s Effect During the Abolitionist Movement Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout American history, literature has been used to bring social injustices into public view. One successful example of this was anti-slavery work written before and during the Abolitionist Movement. Abolitionist literature began to appear predominantly in 1820. Until the Civil War, the anti-slavery press produced a steadily growing stream of newspaper articles, periodicals, sermons, childrens publications, speeches, abolitionist society reports, b roadsides, poems, and memoirs of former slavesRead MoreFrederick Douglass, The Most Famous African American Abolitionists And The Greatest American1000 Words   |  4 Pagesis the most famous African-American abolitionists and the greatest American orators. Throughout American history, African-Americans were victims of American governmental policies of harsh slavery. However, Frederick Douglass transforms the way people should understand slavery. He takes charge of upholding slavery to himself and defends the freedom for those in slavery. While other African-Americans did not have a voice, he became the voice for African-American slavery. In this way, Frederick DouglassRead MoreSummary Of Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass702 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery (noun): a condition compared to that of a slave in respect of exhausting labor or restricted freedom. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both born into slavery, and both suffered the consequences of American ignora nce. Jacobs and Douglass provided a brutally honest truth through their poetry about slavery, and how white Americans interpreted slavery. Everyone was subject to Jacobs and Douglass’ assessment on how differently people interpreted what slavery meant – just a means of laborRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Culture1292 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Culture African American vernacular traditions have been around for many centuries and still cease to exist in their culture. The vernacular traditions of the African Americans started when slaves were existent in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. It is believed that the slaves spoke a mix of Creole and partial English, in which they had to create in order to communicate between them discreetly. The vernacular traditions originatedRead More Impact of Revolution on women and slavery Essay611 Words   |  3 Pages The American Revolution caused a change in America that was far greater than just the forming of an independent nation. In the years after the revolution, a government had to be set in place. The new nation was greatly influenced by models of previous governments, including Great Britain and ancient Greece and Rome. Despite the great change in political structure, aspects of social culture were influenced by the revolution as well, especially in the areas of slavery and the st atus of women. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreThe Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano and Amistad604 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano† and â€Å"Amistad† are important stories about slavery in pre-civil war america because they both address the issues of slavery. These gentlemen in the story made a difference in the slave trade. In â€Å"The life of Olaudah Equiano†, Olaudah was sold on a slave ship that came to the Barbados. Olaudah worked for his freedom, and in the end became efficient in American language. He worked his way to the free life and in the end it worked out for him, althoughRead MoreSlavery And Slave Trade During The American Civil War Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean States ended slavery and slave trade in peaceable manners, as the United States of America dissolved slavery and slave trade through the American Civil War. Slavery was a national institution in the United States of America, slav e labor existed in every colony. During the American Great Awakening, guided by Christianity and the Enlightenment, many citizens especially in Northern states, began to oppose slavery. Northern states began passing laws providing for gradual emancipation, someRead MoreSlavery During The United States966 Words   |  4 PagesIt seems as though slavery has always been etched into our history since the beginning of time. The first recordings of slaves are from the Biblical times. From the Babylonian’s, 18th century BC; to the abolishment of slavery in the United States, 1865; people across the world endured the hardships of slavery. People of all races were enslaved, from the Jews to the African American people. The Jewish people suffered a great deal from the Holocaust, according to, the Detroit News, â€Å"Germany has agreed

Patayon parental preference Free Essays

The objective is to determine the proper combination of a limited number of attributes which influences consumer’s mind the most and affects the buying behavior. Conjoint Analysis is done by showing the respondents a controlled set of potential products and analyze how the consumers made their preferences or how they rank the different attributes and then marketing researchers may be able to determine the values of each attributes. The values can be used by the company to develop new products, Improve old ones and generate revenue. We will write a custom essay sample on Patayon parental preference or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his study, he stated that Filipino Passenger car owners consider attributes when deciding upon a passenger car. According to him, Flossing put more importance on price than on any other attribute. In his journal, Doctor Marvin Cruz considered interaction effect as a predictive technique in marketing research. An interaction effect is a respondent’s choice between two or more attributes in which interactions influence respondent’s choices. In his Journal, he discussed about two automobile passenger car namely: Toyota 1. 3- liter Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter City. He cited that some consumer s may prefer to buy Toyota 1 . -liter Bios for no more than PH 539,000. 00 but some respondents may prefer to buy the Honda 1 . -liter City at a higher price than PHI,OHO. O because they view It as a more prestigious car than Toyota. The choices according to Doctor Cruz, Is Influenced by Interaction between two attributes namely price and brand. Not all attributes were considered In his study because of technical restrictions In the statistical methods used. Therefore, the study chose to determine qualitatively the attributes that may be considered important by the consumers. Data were collected from a sample of 300 randomly selected respondents. The first 100 respondents were college students (18-24 y/o) from Atone De Dave University, UP Mindanao, University of Mindanao, Holy Cross of Dave College and Berkshire College. The next 100 respondents consisted of junior professionals (25-39 y/o) while the last remaining 100 respondents were senior professionals (40-64 y/o). In his Findings, Doctor Cruz concluded that all six attributes namely brand, price, style, feature and financing scheme contribute to the total worth or utility assigned by the mall groups of respondents. He also concluded that price significantly affects the total worth of the passenger car. The total worth or utility of either brand (Toyota/ and) decreases as price increases. The 3 main segments ( college students. Junior 1. 3- liter Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter City. And Lastly, that Toyota is the more preferred brand of both senior professionals and Junior professionals. On the other hand, Honda is the more preferred brand of the college students. Additional findings: There are six consumer segments that prefer Toyota than Honda while there are only three consumer segments that prefer Honda. In terms of size Toyota is preferred by around 63% of all respondents while Honda is preferred by 37% of all respondents. In terms of sex, grouping and age, Toyota is more preferred by male college students from the University of Mindanao who are about 20 y/o, male Junior professionals around 32 y/o , male senior professionals who are about 45 y/o, male senior professionals around 46 y/o and female Junior professionals who are about 31 y/o. On the other hand Honda, is more preferred by female Junior professionals who are about 31 years old, female college students who are about 20 years old and female senior professionals who are about 43 y/o. Thru the finding and conclusions of the study it is safe to say that consumers vary according to their value, preferences and range of other characteristics (Elli, Kettle and Sahara Moorish 1992). Not only do consumer exhibit differences from each other, but this also illustrates that if a specific marketing decision may suit a consumer it may not work out for the other. Consumer preferences are based mainly on their belief about how objects perform on their key attributes. Consumer also choose product attributes base don which would give then the best value and benefit sought. Consumer’s preferences may also vary because of their particular experience ND the way they gather and process information. Consumers also consider price as a sacrifice. The Utilities assigned to a passenger car diminishes as price increases. Consumer are price-sensitive buyers which means they are divided by two kinds consumers who are willing to pay for the brand they like and consumer’s that will not sacrifice price for the brand they like. Dave Consumers, based on the study, are those consumers who are not willing to pay price premium for a brand they like. Given this findings, good pricing can play a big role in maximizing number of consumers to pay for the brand they like. Honda and Toyota may have to check their pricing strategy to be able to understand the price sensitivity of their consumers and the possible trade -offs consumers are willing to make between price and product characteristics. The study also showed that passenger cars may be produced with different features that will suit each market segments (students, Junior professional and senior professionals ). Doctor Crud’s recommendation is that using segmenting strategy for a car dealership in Dave City treat the different segments of consumers as different in their preferences for new 1 . -liter car passenger cars. He also cited that each of the brand Toyota and Honda should study further the market segment in which they cannot penetrate well and also monitor possible changes or shifts in the preferences of the penetrated market. First of all, since price is an issue raised in this Journal, I would like to raise the difference between Quality and Value(Price). Quality and Value(Price) are attributes the company. Quality creates value for the product in the eyes of the consumers. Surprisingly, consumers are the ones who defines the value of a product as a reference by analyzing the performance of the product relative to its cost. The company now will be the one to ensure the quality of the product that will provide the consumer the performance it is looking for. Quality is important but consumers purchase a product not because it has quality but they will not buy it in the absence of quality. My first concern for this Journal is Doctor Marvin Cruz failed to raise that quality is still an attribute that is very much considered by Filipinos/ Davison especially Private buyers. A great number of consumer in the Dave City market if to from experience, searches the web, asks friends, acquaintances and relatives which brand is more durable and which brand has a higher quality. If quality was included in the survey questionnaires I think results will be different. Another thing to be considered which is a very integral part in choosing a car is the safety, Doctor Cruz failed to address the issue of safety in his Journal, low price without safety of the passengers inside the car is useless. For one, According to the Wall Street Journal, Toyota has an issue of recalling 6. 39 million vehicles from across the globe. Toyota found defects with seat rails, cables connected to air bags, engine starters, steering column brackets and windshield-wiper motors. These defects are directly connected to the safety of the passengers inside the car. In March, Toyota agreed to pay a $1. 2 billion criminal penalty in a settlement with the U. S. Justice Department, after the company acknowledged having misled consumers about safety problems related to unintended acceleration of a number of its vehicles. Problems related to sudden acceleration resulted in the recall of millions of vehicles from 2009 through 2011. However, it was on 2009 that Toyota started recalling its vehicles, noting that this journal is made on 2003 1 . 3-liter passenger cars. On the other hand Honda cars had some share of mishaps in its vehicles, according to Handsomeness. Com, transmission failure and premature brake wear among the top list when it comes to safety concerns. Lastly, in the Journal Doctor Cruz failed to raise the maintenance of both brands. The price may be cheap but you will be surprised at how much you have spent on the car’s maintenance. I agree when Doctor Cruz raised the issue that ACH of the brands– Honda and Toyota should have a more thorough study in relation to the market segments in which they are not penetrating well, I think the reason why Honda has a much lower amount of respondents is the fact that Honda lacks marketing research and strategy. Toyota on the other hand has been in partnership with various Banks in providing in house financing for individuals and companies. Also, a reason why Toyota is winning in the market is its parts and accessories are easily accessible to Davison and is cheaper compare to Honda. How to cite Patayon parental preference, Papers

Roles And Responsibilities Of Team Members - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Roles And Responsibilities Of Team Members. Answer: Introduction As the number of entrepreneurs increases globally, business heads and organizations must organize their staff so as to harness their maximum performance. The cost of labour is increasing due to high demand for skilled professionals among businesses, making it critical for the businesses harness the maximum output from the staff(Humphrey, 2006). This has made it important to organize stall roles and responsibilities as well as monitor each staff members performance so as to ensure each staff member is delivering value for money invested in them each month. This is especially important for organizations which have a large number of employees as they cannot monitor each staff members performance individually and report on their set target achievement(Brockett Rezaee, 2012). To assist which these task organizations are now using sophisticated computer and smartphone software and tools which help the businesses secure the maximum productivity from their staff. Role Definition To maximize employee performance it is critically to define each staff members roles clearly and provide them with the training as well as job descriptions highlighting their roles and performance expectations. These require being communicated verbally as well as in written format so as to ensure each staff member clearly understands their responsibilities and set targets to be achieved. This also involved the individuals contribution and attendance towards team meeting. These play a huge role as they help an individual demonstrate their ability to share their knowledge and contribute towards a process. It also demonstrates the individuals ability and understanding of a process which is critical towards the organisation suitability and growth. An individuals contributions towards meeting demonstrates their command over the topic which is critical towards the organisations development and helps distinguish leaders and simple staff thus offering staff members a perfect opportunity to d emonstrate their skills, knowledge and capabilities.(Colantonio Roberto Di Pietro, 2012). Maintaining a single role result in boring the staff member and this gradually begins affecting performance, making it important for the businesses to revolve job responsibilities at a set interval of time. This is commonly practiced in banking institutions where staff member tends to revolve from one station to the next which allows them to remain focused and maintain the workstations target as handed over by the previous attendant. Role Responsibilities and Minimum Expectations for Each Role It is critical to maximizing each staff members performance by ensuring the staff member has adequate roles to perform on a daily basis but at the same time, its also important to ensure a certain degree of flexibility is also being delivered. Overburdening the staff with responsibilities and roles can result in discouraging employees from working for the organization or at the department which can result in a high employee turnover rate(Bainey, 2016). To avoid this its important to calculate an individuals maximum potential while working at any given post and set their daily target at 80% of the optimum range. This figure must be monitored while calculating staff performance and efficiency but should not be shared with the staff members who may begin misusing the guidelines. Its important to include all staff towards the role, process and governance development as it allows the staff to also input their knowledge and understanding related to a process. This helps develop most stream lined governance policies which will ensure organisation performance and staff expectations are met. Its important to differentiate staff and management roles so as to encourage maximum productivity but at the same time also consider the humanitarian perspective of the situation. Contingencies To maintain staff roles and responsibilities its also important to organize the staff's contingency and ensure areas such as time management, workflow a commitment towards outcomes is being delivered to each of the staff members(Bamberger, Biron, Meshoulam, 2014). This helps illuminate any possibility of staff members claiming there was no work available to performance which ensures the businesses maximizes work efficiency. Time Management This refers to organizing each staff member daily routine in a strict schedule which will ensure they follow a routine or timetable which will help ensure they utilize their time efficiently. Its important to provide each department with a set of responsibilities and work which they need to complete on a daily basis(Bird, 2010). The work done must be traceable and reported thus helping monitor performance and offer guidance. The team will them require to distribute the work among the team members and follow a set workflow which will help maximize their performance and utilize their time efficiently in the workplace. Work Flow To develop a daily routine, or timetable the organization will have to have adequate work to perform on a daily basis. This makes it important for staff to therefore gradually increase to an organization as the number of responsibilities increase. This requires proper planning and accountability whereby the staff's performance and commitment toward their work are evaluated and justified. Only when there is adequate amounts of workflow should additional staff members are included in the organization thus ensuring they are utilized effectively(Epstein Maltzman, 2013). Its the responsibilities of the organization to ensure the staff has adequate workflow at all-time which required to be monitored, completed and evaluated. Staff performance can only be truly evaluated and maintained if there is a smooth flow of work thus the management must be able to distribute their workflow amount the staff to ensure each staff member has adequate work on a daily basis to justify their job role. Written Communication Monitoring plays a huge role towards the businesses performance and to monitor the staff effectively the businesses will have to maintain open communication lines with its staff members. This is critical as it helps educate the staff members regarding their performance thus allowing them to understand areas they need to improve with relation to their performance(Schwartz, 2001). Its also important as this documents an individuals staff members performance during a fixed period of time which contributes towards the individuals performance and future development. communication must be verbal but at the same time, the organization has to also ensure this instruction or advise is provided to the student in written format thus ensuring the instruction have been documented. There must also be a hierarchy approach linked to written communication whereby staff members are expected to report to set number of higher staff members and teammates regarding their daily performance and achievements on a daily basis(Bhattacharyya, 2011). The organisation must also include a clear vision and mission statement which helps outline the organisations expectations and helps boost employee motivation. Conclusion Maximising team member roles and responsibilities is an area which each organization focuses its full attention on the organization must justify each staff members performance. This requires for the coordination of several departments who will need to work together on a daily basis to ensure employees are delivering their maximum potential on a daily basis thus ensuring they are justifying their salary from the organization. Bibliography Bainey, K. (2016). Integrated IT Performance Management. Boca Roton. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014). Human Resource Strategy: Formulation, Implementation, and Impact. Routledge. Bhattacharyya, D. K. (2011). Performance Management Systems and Strategies. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Bird, P. (2010). Improve Your Time Management: Teach Yourself. Hachette UK. Brockett, A., Rezaee, Z. (2012). Corporate Sustainability: Integrating Performance and Reporting. John Wiley Sons. Colantonio, A., Roberto Di Pietro, A. O. (2012). Role Mining in Business: Taming Role-based Access Control Administration. London: World Scientific. Epstein, D., Maltzman, R. (2013). Project Workflow Management: A Business Process Approach. J. Ross Publishing. Humphrey. (2006). Tsp(Sm): Leading A Development Team. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Schwartz, A. E. (2001). Performance Management: Work and Development. Andrew E Schwartz.

Online Classes vs. traditional classes

Introduction Modern technology has infiltrated the education sector and as a result, many college students now prefer taking online classes, as opposed to attending the traditional regular classes. This is because online classes are convenient for such students, and more so for those who have to both work and attend classes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes vs. traditional classes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, online learning gives them the flexibility that they needed. In addition, online learning also gives an opportunity to students and professionals who would not have otherwise gone back to school to get the necessary qualifications. However, students who have enrolled for online learning do not benefit from the one-on-one interaction with their peers and teachers. The essay shall endeavor to examine the differences between online classes and the traditional classes, with a preferenc e for the later. Differences between online classes and traditional classes Online classes mainly take place through the internet. As such, online classes lack the regular student teacher interaction that is common with traditional learning. On the other hand, learning in traditional classes involves direct interaction between the student and the instructors (Donovan, Mader and Shinsky 286). This is beneficial to both the leaner and the instructors because both can be bale to establish a bond. In addition, student attending the traditional classroom often have to adhere to strict guidelines that have been established by the learning institution. As such, students have to adhere to the established time schedules. On the other hand, students attending online classes can learn at their own time and pace. One advantage of the traditional classes over online classes is that students who are not disciplined enough may not be able to sail through successfully because there is nobody to pus h them around. With traditional classes however, there are rules to put them in check. As such, students attending traditional classes are more likely to be committed to their education (Donovan et al 286). Another advantage of the traditional classes is all the doubts that students might be having regarding a given course content can be cleared by the instructor on the spot, unlike online learning whereby such explanations might not be as coherent as the student would have wished. With the traditional classes, students are rarely provided with the course materials by their instructors, and they are therefore expected to take their own notes. This is important because they are likely to preserve such note and use them later on in their studies. In contrast, online students are provided with course materials in the form of video or audio texts (Sorenson and Johnson 116).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They can also download such course materials online. Such learning materials can be deleted or lost easily compared with handwritten class notes, and this is a risk. Although the basic requirements for a student attending online classes are comparatively les in comparison to students attending traditional classes, nonetheless, it is important to note that online students are also expected to be internet savvy because all learning takes place online. This would be a disadvantage for the regular student; only that internet savvy is not a requirement. Students undertaking online learning are likely to be withdrawn because they hardly interact one-on-one with their fellow online students or even their instructors. The only form of interaction is online. As such, it becomes hard for them to develop a special bond with other students and instructors. With traditional learning however, students have the freedom to interact freely and this helps to strengthen their existin g bond. Conclusion Online learning is convenient and has less basic requirements compared with traditional learning. It also allows learners who would have ordinarily not gone back to school to access an education. However, online students do not benefit from a close interaction with their peers and instructors as do their regular counterparts. Also, regular students can engage their instructors more easily and relatively faster in case they want to have certain sections of the course explained, unlike online students. Works Cited Donovan, Judy, Mader, Cynthia and Shinsky, John. Constructive student feedback: Online vs. traditional course evaluations. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 5.3(2006): 284-292 Sorenson, Lynn, and Johnson, Trav. Online Student Ratings of Instructions. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2003. Print. This essay on Online Classes vs. traditional classes was written and submitted by user Enzo O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication in cyberspace essays

Communication in cyberspace essays When one thinks of tools, most think of hammer or nails; whereas the most important tool that is around today and used frequently in society, is the Internet. The Internet or Cyberspace can be defined and described in many ways. The model of communication is an important model in terms of communicating in cyberspace, and how we communicate ourselves and how others perceive ourselves in cyberspace. The internet is it capable to sustain the ever-growing amount of information that is being produced. Many have knowledge of the basic concepts of what cyberspace is, I believe that it is a virtual reality; a space that we can not see and touch, which stores and transmittes multitudes of information, it can be used for positive endeavors or it can be used for destructive behavior. Benedikt believes that Cyberspace is a world made up of pure information that takes the shape(though not the physical mass)of objects. ( Benedikt, M. pp. 119). , it is really up to your own interpretations Communication model: Code: Interactions, culture, process, Interpretation of message, education. Encoder Decoder Sender Intended Message Receiver | (info/ knowledge) | | | | | Barrier (noise)- Channels- ...

Forces of Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forces of Influence - Essay Example In this way, companies are able to set how an employee should think and act for its benefit (Norton 2005). Forces of influence within business organizations can be the charismatic executives who lead and influence the company through their ideas and goals. The company’s code of conduct can also be a force of influence as it describes how each employee is expected to perform his duties and tasks. Another force of influence is the preset culture and values that the company upholds. Problem identification and diagnosis is directly influenced by forces of influence which can be illustrated by my experience in the company I worked for. It should be noted that the implementation of these forces often determine the level of power and where the power lies in order to control the behavior of others. For example, a violation of the company’s code of conduct can signal a problem within the organization. Since there are already preset rules, it is relatively easy to identify the boundaries that an employee should not cross. Thus, if the company does not adhere to the code of conduct the problem is easily identified and resolved through the use of punishments which are already laid out. Also, the implementation of the punishment is also quite easy to administer because of the presence of rules which identifies who is responsible for these

Pumps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pumps - Essay Example Identify typical applications stating the advantages and disadvantages for each of the following pump types: i. Single stage horizontal vertical split centrifugal This is a horizontal, single-stage, double volute axially split case centrifugal pump. The suction nozzle and the discharge nozzle which are cast intergrally and the nozzle is configured side by side. APPLICATIONS The single stage horizontal split centrifugal pump is used for different purpoases in different fileds, some of which are: i. The single stage horizontal split centrifugal pumps are broadly used in the fire systems. ii. They are used to a greater extent in oil refining. iii. Petrochemical. iv. Sugar Industry water supply system. v. Paper Industry water supply system. vi. They are used in pipelines for long distance pumping of fluids. vii. Power Generation. viii. They can be used in cycling use of water in air-conditioning ix. They are used in mining industry. x. They are also used in pressurized water transportati on in the waterworks. ADVANTAGES The single stage horizontal split centrifugal pumps have the following distinct advantages: i. Horizontally split casing, double volute minimizes thrust loads and therefore allow for operation over a wide range of capacities. ii. It is a high efficiency design compared to the other designs. iii. It has enclosed impellers and double suction which provides the hydraulic balance and therefore eliminating the axial thrust. iv. It is capable of a clockwise or counter clockwise rotation. v. It has a compact structure which therefore makes it to be space efficient. vi. The pump has an axial which is small in size with little vibration and therefore low noise. vii. They are normally easy to service viii. Horizontal Split Case, can be mounted vertically which also contributes to the efficient use of space and allows flexibility while fitting the pump. DISADVANTAGES i. These pumps are non-self-priming and therefore they are prone to cavitation which therefore necessitates manual priming making its use tedious. ii. There is a high tendency of corrosion inside this pump which is caused by the fluid properties of the fluid pumped. iii. There is a risk of impeller wear which is worsened by presence of suspended solids in the fluid being pumped. iv. There may occur overheating as a resukt of low flow of the fluid in the pump and this usually affects its efficiency v. There is a tendency for leakage to occur along the rotating shaft. b) Horizontal split double suction centrifugal These are pumps that usually have a horizontal pump shaft and with the impeller usually located at the center of the shaft and with a self-contained combination bearing housing with a seal chamber on both impeller sides. Without causing disturbance to the motor or the pipe-work, the split case construction ensures the pump can be set apart in a horizontal plane along the drive shaft.   APPLICATIONS The horizontal split double suction pumps are typically designed for liquid transfer and for circulation of the cold clean or for slightly polluted water. The most common applications include; i. They are used for general purpose pumping ii. The horizontal split double suction centrifugal pumps can be used for air conditioning. iii. They can also be used in cooling towers. iv. The double suction pumps can be used in irrigation and drainage pumping stations.

Assianment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assianment - Assignment Example No Man’s Land focuses our sights on the human side of the war as the men of Newfoundland Regiment reminisce the time when they saw the war as an adventure and an opportunity to seek glory for themselves and their country. They were told that the war would last only for a year and they would be coming home just in time for Christmas. They were proud volunteers then as many other soldiers were. The memories of their march past cheering crowds through the streets of St. Johns and into the transport Florizel was all fresh to them. War for them was an adventure. That view changed ever since the news of McWhirter’s death, the first Newfoundland man killed, was made known. Now, Second Lieutenant Alan Hayward, Martin and the rest of the men find themselves anxiously waiting for the moment when they would step out of the trenches and assault the enemy. They cower under the protection of their makeshift bunkers as the enemy artillery barrage pummels their position. All of them knew that at any time they could end up dead or dying. The men longed for home and were frustrated by the lack of knowledge of what lies ahead of them but in spite of these, they stand resolutely on the fire steps glancing at their pocket watches and waiting for the zero hour. In reading the book, we become enticed with how Kevin Major effectively portrayed the unnatural quiet before the storm. Major was also equally effective in portraying the camaraderie as the men on Newfoundland Regiment fight to make it through the barbed wire, deadly sweep of machine-gun bullets and grenades. In spite of their heroic efforts, the area known to be as no man’s land proved to be the graveyard for two hundred and seventy-two young men from the Newfoundland Regiment. It was the greatest casualty for any other unit in the battlefield. On that morning of July 1, 1916, the communities in Newfoundland lost many of its men who would have been their future leaders. The attempt to drive the enemy

IKEA SWOT, Porters 5 and PESTEL Analysis

IKEA SWOT, Porters 5 and PESTEL Analysis Jump to: SWOT, Porters 5  Forces, PESTEL INTRODUCTION IKEA has created its own brand name in the world of furnishing at an affordable price. IKEA strives to make a better life for many by offering wide variety of well-designed, practical home furnishing items at affordable prices. History IKEA was found in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad in small village Agunnaryd , Sweden. Originally company sold the basic household goods at discount prices later kamprad start to sell the home furnishing and 10 year later IKEA opened its first showroom, clearly demonstrates the function and quality of its low-price products. In 1955 IKEA introduce its own Designing furniture and in 1956 flat packs and self-assembly were launch (which reduced production and transport costs) and in later year IKEA has opened 301 stores all over Europe and Asia which shows the success of company. Present In 2002, IKEA Group was worlds top furniture retailers. The total number of stores 301 operated by IKEA in 37 countries/territories. The IKEA Group itself owns 267 stores in 25 countries with 123,000 co-workers and generating annual sales of more than 21.5 billion euro (these facts are taken from IKEA website). There are wide range of products in IKEA stores from plants and living room furnishings to toys and whole kitchens. At IKEA their vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people what make IKEA as worlds top furniture retailers, matchless approaches of IKEA attract the customer whether its affordable price, portable furniture or the unique design in store, Swedish cafà © in the stores, child care facility in the stores SWOT Analysis of IKEA Strengths One of the strongest strengths of IKEA is their strong brand name: IKEA is widely known brand in Europe and some Asian countries. In 2002 IKEA was the worlds most famous furniture retailer. [  [1]  ] Unique selling point of IKEA is low prices and flat pack furniture which is economical for customer and easy to transport Exclusive furniture design catch the attention of the customer Cheap Prices of IKEA furniture offers value to Customer Exclusive furniture design catch the attention of the customer As published in Business Times Ikea catalogue is the third most printed book in the world after Bible and Harry Potter [2] Furniture are easy to assemble and easy to ship IKEA has Strong potential of Global sourcing Powerful advertising campaign IKEA has built its own brand name and consistently strives to maintain it   In mid- 1990s IKEA had launched a high profile advertising campaign in USA intending to raise awareness of the IKEA brand UK wide advertising campaign in September 2007 titled Home is the Most Important Place in the World using estate agent signs with the term Not for Sale written on them as part of the wider campaign Wallets for Oyster cards and tube map are sponsored by IKEA IKEA consciously runs advertising campaign to create brand awareness. IKEA maintain Long-term Relationship with suppliers IKEA has preserved long-term relationship with its suppliers. IKEA purchases products in high volume from suppliers which allows IKEA to keep their product prices low It has about 45 trading service offices in 31 countries. This enables them to develop close relationships with more than 1,350 suppliers in 50 countries Product improvement IKEA is actively taking initiatives in environment changes, they strongly cares about forest and support the suppliers to minimize the total impact on the climates by contributing in forest projects. Weakness Supplier dependencies One of the main weakness of the IKEA is that it is dependent on the supplier for its manufacturing their products By totally dependencies on suppliers IKEA convert its strength to IKEA does not manufacture anything itself and is heavily dependent on the supplier. By limiting the manufacturing facilities means more dependencies on the suppliers. Ikea furnitures need to assemble yourself may be its is unattractive to certain groups of consumers Store design can be confusing for those customer who need particular item Swedish design may not so appealing to other regions of world Major Reliability on European Markets 90% of IKEA stores are based in European regions and rest in America, Middle East and Asia , Ikea is limiting themselves to enter into the Competition can take benefit of IKEAs non existences in the other fast growing retails markets like America, Middle East and Asia by expanding their businesses. Quality and standards Its difficult to maintain high Quality and standards globally due to the size and scale of products People generally associate the low prices with bad quality of products and non durability Ikea furnitures not manufacture for lifetime Opportunities Expansion in untouched retails market IKEA should extent their business or stores from international to global market , by developing in other regions like Asia and Eastern Europe By expanding in fast growing retails markets IKEA can capture additional share in Asia and Eastern Europe Only 10% percentages of stores were in underdeveloped markets. Its an excellent opportunity for IKEA to expand and grow their businesses in the untouched markets Development in Ecommerce IKEA should enlarge their internet present in markets Fast growing virtual markets in the Internet revolution era gives an excellent opportunity to IKEA to enlarge their place in the online business all over the world like ebay , Amazon.com, Inc IKEA can expand their business by collaboration of local companies and suppliers. By developing E-commerce site and local company alliances gives an opportunity to achieve growth in existing business and can gain new acquisition In additional it will help to increase customer service satisfaction and customer feedback Also it can reduce the work pressure from store to certain level Design various type of Store It will be good opportunities for IKEA to try new outlay of store to easily find the particular products which will increase the growth sales and customer satisfaction Minimizing waste (IKEA and the new EU legislation on chemicals) IKEA avoids use of chemicals and materials that can be of any harm to people and the environment. All IKEA products for all markets, everywhere in the world will adhere to the chemical restrictions in the REACH legislation. Efficient use of materials IKEA strives to use fewest resources to make the best possible products, without having any negative effect on the functionality or the design or the look of the products. The main material used in the manufacturing of the products is wood, cotton, metal, plastic, glass and rattan and we work towards using as many renewable and recyclable materials as possible. Threats Impact of European economy As IKEA is predominantly present in European region, any adverse effects in this region will impact the business of IKEA. Major sales and purchasing are done is European markets. In order to avoid such situation, it needs to secure place in other retail market and increase awareness of the IKEA brand and products worldwide Competition Indirect threat of competition One of the fastest growing competitive retail market in Europe and other businesses regions of IKEA Difficult to preserve good quality and design at cheap prices when competition is increasing rapidly growing e.g. In USA Wal-Mart , room to go , kmart ,In Japan Nitori Co and MUJI Even average retailers are producing low cost values flat packed furniture, which can put tremendous impact on the IKEA. Advantages of competition Competition is aggressively offer similar product Most of retailers promising to serve on high quality of and service Educating customer on quality of woods, construction techniques and so on Competitions are offering free delivery of assembled furniture whereas IKEA is not giving any options to customer on the transportation Summary of IKEA SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis describes IKEAs strengths and weakness, as well as encountering the threats with opportunities which will secure IKEAs place in the retail market Strength of IKEA group in the world of retail markets is their Vision IKEA strives to make a better life for many by offering wide variety of well-designed, practical home furnishing items at affordable prices which display their clear business idea.[3] IKEA buy massive from the suppliers and gain advantage of low cost product which is one of strongest strength of IKEA , as they can sale the finished goods in cheaper than competitors IKEA is good long term business relationship with the suppliers and weakness is the total dependencies on the supplier which can be the threat in their future business. Business Strategy of IKEA gives the Excellent opportunities to expand their services to the world widely and but by limiting their expansion only to the European and selected Asian countries can be biggest threats and can be advantage to the competitors due to the non-existences of IKEA Porters 5 forces analysis of IKEA Competition from Substitutes: HIGH The furniture retails market is on developing stage. Competition from Substitute it is high in the modern time people consider better products if it is costly. The switching costs are high and Substitute will be other brands supplier at high prices. Other options might be cheap furniture from local supplier. But IKEA can competitive advantage from low prices, unique design and flat pack furniture Bargaining power of buyers: LOW IKEA focuses on large segments and target individual customers young people aged around 20 to 40 years as in the modern world people prefers compact and foldable furniture so it is easy use and transport. IKEA products are affordable for everyone because of the low prices. There is high customer loyalty therefore low bargaining power of customers. One more reason of low bargaining power can the brand name of IKEA, consumer can buy the same furnitures from capitation but because of the IKEA trademark they prefer to buy. Furnitures Industry is growing tremendously, there is very high switching cost for the buyers and with the product differentiation is prime factors. Therefore Because of the brand and large collection of product the customer loyal and preference is IKEA Threat of New Entrants : LOW The Home Furnishings House wares Retail industry is developed markets and IKEA has its own reputation and experiences players in retail markets. It is very difficult to compete against with big players in the industry as to build to own status brand lots of resources such as unique design, technology, low cost products, infrastructure and human resources. IKEA having a very long experience in its field and it has established itself differently from competitors. IKEA stores and distinguished itself as a functional home products .In Retail industry, low cost and use new technology is very essential and IKEA spent years to establish this reputation .However for a new entrant it is difficult to get. Bargaining power of supplier: LOW IKEA deals with suppliers for Wood cotton, metal, plastic, glass and rattan. IKEA have more 1,300 direct suppliers and about 10,000 sub-suppliers in 60 countries and 28 distribution centres and 11 customer distribution centres in 16 countries. IKEA had set up its own code and conducts for the suppliers. Being a Multinational brand there is a competition among supplier for selling to IKEA. They purchase in huge volume of material from the suppliers at low cost IKEA buy massively from these suppliers to deliver in the European market The Bargaining power of suppliers is low as they can lose their one of biggest clients Rivalry among existing firms: HIGH IKEA competitors are mainly in the Home Furnishings House wares Retail industry and competition from Substitutes too high in the industry. Some competitors for IKEA such as Wal-Marts, TGT, kmart in Japan Nitori Co. Many manufacturers provide furniture with same functions and design. As published in Business Times we can take Example of TGT has recruited top designer Thomas OBrien to develop a range of low-priced furnishings and In Japan Nitori Co. has a lock on low-cost furniture.[4] Competition is putting a lot of resources to manufacture the same type of products Strategic Position of IKEA IKEA PESTLE analysis Political Factors Governments have put various taxes, duties and vat on IKEA products their constitutions in different countries. Changes in the government and trading policies can threat to IKEA For example Russian government has kept on hold all new investment and delaying unpredictability of the administrative processes for Mega-Samara mall sports in Russia because of the delay IKEA have to postponed the 30 new stores in the country[5] Awareness of political situation of every country where company is operating Important Many countries offers incentive to attract the foreign investment like Malaysia , china and Thailand IKEA has grown from a small company to largest home furniture retailer in the world, Political factors has direct impact and is interrelated on other aspect. Political factors can control the process of business and greatly impact on the operating industry. As IKEAs major business is on the European regions, it has to adopt the guidelines and policy formed by the EU. Economical Factors Interest rates and exchange rates have a direct impact on company. Some time foreign currency exchange fluctuation may be beneficial or un beneficial for IKEA Due to recession demand for home furniture declined as people dont have money to buy expenses products and customers go for cheap alternatives. Fluctuation in cost of raw material can be threat for the IKEA , as they dont produces on its own , but buy from whole seller Recession has impacted on all kind of industry more or less it has effected on IKEA In todays time global warming is important concern to every business should consider to reducing elements effect the environment Social Factors IKEA takes initiatives and founded a committed to invest in the social programmes on a global level which can give IKEA a recognized globally IKEA is proactively trying to fight against Child labour and give better life to children Everyone is trying to save and reduce the causes of global warming does IKEA is The IKEA contributed much in the society as they provide recyclable products and try to minimize the waste Technological Factors IKEA products are eco-friendly IKEA should consider natural resources like using solar power renewal energy usage and energy efficiencies One of Important aspect which should be take into account as a need of new trends in changing business styles and enhance the competitive advantage which development of E-commerce and entre the world of Online business (virtual markets) Legal Factors Governments may put a negative as well as positive impact on IKEA as it is operating all over the globe hence it may vary according to different countries. In 2004 Irish Government had implement law of restricting the maximum size of a retail outlet to 6,000 (units?) to save the small business but retails giant of home furnishing wants IKEAs plan to build stores in Dublin and usual size of IKEA stores is four time bigger caused the law be put up for debate. In Jan 2005 The Government has agreed to change the planning laws clearing the way for furniture stores such as Ikea to open in Ireland IKEA and the new EU legislation on chemicals IKEA avoids use of chemicals and materials that can be of any harm to people and the environment. All IKEA products for all markets, everywhere in the world will adhere to the chemical restrictions in the REACH legislation. Environmental Factors Product Development IKEA is proactively taking initiatives in climate change projects. As 50% of the raw material is from the forest, it strongly cares about forest. The effort is to leave minimum impact on environment. It contributes to many forestry projects and honour certification by the Forest Stewardship Council Erase the Waste IKEA believes in using Waste by-products generated due to manufacturing where possible. In 2006, IKEA implemented the EU directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and IKEA stores now accept and recycle IKEA electrical produce and electronic devices. Customers can also return certain types of waste such as discarded packaging, spent batteries and low-energy bulbs for proper recycling and disposal. In 2006, IKEA stores and distribution centres handled 281,734 tons of waste, of which 81% was sorted for recycling reuse or energy recover. In the pursuit of recycling, as of October 1, 2008, IKEA USA no longer sells throwaway bags. IKEA products are recyclable and make minimum usage of polythene. Product Development IKEA is proactively taking initiatives in climate change projects. As 50% of the raw material is from the forest, it strongly cares about forest. The effort is to leave minimum impact on environment. It contributes to many forestry projects and honours certification by the Forest Stewardship Council Climate changing IKEA ensures that the products and resources are customized to reduce any negative impact on the environment. IKEA Group and WWF co-operate in projects at intended to reducing carbon dioxide emissions generated by IKEA operations.[6] Conclusion IKEA is well recognized brand for flat pack furniture and Swedish design in the world of furnishings, also they are leading retailers in globally. IKEA should explore their new opportunities into asian market as there is no major competition in flat pack furnishing and also due to over population in some asian countries flat pack can be eye catching for new customer as IKEA captured 90% of European . IKEA should seek to introduce new technologies to reduce use of wood.

Ney York Times article :: essays research papers

SENATE MAJORITY LEADER Tom Daschle called Cheney’s stance â€Å"unfortunate.† â€Å"The American people have a right to know what the facts are,† Daschle said on CBS’s â€Å"Face the Nation.† â€Å"I think the administration needs to open up, to be willing to be forthcoming with all the information regarding these circumstances.† At issue are meetings Cheney or members of his energy task force held with officials of energy firms, including the now-collapsed Enron Corp., while the energy policy was being formed last year. Cheney spoke on the same day a New York Times/CBS News Poll showed a majority of Americans believe the administration is hiding something or lying about its dealings with Enron. CREATING A ‘CHILL’ Cheney said his office already has given investigators numerous financial and other records. Advertisement What he won’t turn over, despite demands by investigators and Democratic members of Congress, is â€Å"a listing of everybody I meet with, of everything that was discussed, any advice that was received, notes and minutes of those meetings,† Cheney told â€Å"Fox News Sunday.† â€Å"Now, that would be unprecedented in the sense that that’s not been done before. It’s unprecedented in the sense that it would make it virtually impossible for me to have confidential conversations with anybody,† he said. â€Å"You just cannot accept that proposition without putting a chill over the ability of the president and vice president to receive unvarnished advice.† LAWSUIT CONSIDERED David Walker, the head of the General Accounting Office, the investigative arm of Congress, has said he will decide next week whether to file a lawsuit to force the White House to turn over documents on the meetings. Cheney said the GAO is a â€Å"creature of Congress† whose authority does not extend to the White House. â€Å"I’m a constitutional officer, and the authority of the GAO does not extend in that case to my office.† Daschle suggested that Congress could take action beyond the GAO probe. â€Å"We will analyze just what our options are, what prospects there would be for Congress asserting itself,† he said, without elaborating. White House chief of staff Andrew Card agreed with Cheney that the administration’s ability to have confidential talks with advisers should be fiercely guarded. â€Å"I believe very strongly in protecting the privilege of the president† on recommendations that may not come out in public domain, he said on NBC’s â€Å"Meet the Press.† THE ENRON CONNECTION Cheney said the administration’s stance is the same as it was last August, when investigators sought similar information.