Corruption in Former Soviet Countries Essay - 1482 Words

Corruption in Former Soviet Countries Administrative corruption and state capture generally occur as the result of inadequate institutional structures and policies that do not support competition and free trade. Predictably, these inefficiencies have been especially prevalent in the transition process from a socialist to a market economy. Consequently, combating corruption has become a major factor in the debate over optimal reform strategies. Numerous theorists have suggested shock therapy as the optimal method to minimize corruption, but empirical evidence shows mixed results throughout transition economies. Overall, state capture and administrative corruption have had extremely negative economic, social, and political†¦show more content†¦Despite a high margin of error due to obvious concerns with reliability (given the nature of the subject), results have clearly indicated high levels of corruption throughout the transition economies. State capture has been particularly difficult to measure and often u nderstated in BEEPS data, because it only measures state capture that includes involvement from private firms. Nevertheless, data from this category has proven to be excessively high, especially in CIS countries, where state capture indexes are as high as 41 (as in Azerbijan), indicating an average percentage of firms involved in six different forms of state capture such as the sale of criminal court decisions and the sale of parliamentary votes. Administrative Corruption rates are also astoundingly high, with payments constituting 3.7 percent of annual revenues in CIS countries, 2.2 percent of revenues in Central Eastern Europe, and an alarming 17 percent of profits in the entire region. Results from BEEPS and the EBRD have also shown a direct negative correlation between levels of corruption and various economic and social indicators such as investment and growth, tax payments, poverty, inequality, and the credibility of the state. Together, this empirical evidence indicates the massive, negative impact that results from both types of corruption and identifies corruption as one of the leading causes of transition failure. Administrative corruption and state capture haveShow MoreRelatedCorruption in Higher Education by Paul Temple and Georgy Petrov758 Words   |  4 Pagesbribes. Corruption is the most dangerous disease of the world. It is undesirable for every society if corruption grows in education sector. It is an undeniable fact that Azerbaijan is the country which suffers from corruption, especially in education. I will mainly focus on corruption in state universities of Azerbaijan, more particularly its background, its current level, causes, culprits, general solutions, and my solutions to the problem. Background As mentioned in the book called â€Å"Corruption in HigherRead MoreRussia And The Soviet Union1670 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the Beginning of the Soviet Union, the West opposed the communist nation ideologically, the capitalist West feared communism. Communism was the reason that the Soviet Union was not compatible with the Western capitalist nations. With the end of the Soviet Union and the birth of capitalism in Russia, the West believed that their eastern problem was over, although as time would tell this assumption would be incorrect. Over the next decade, Russia would exert their power over boarding nations tryingRead MoreRussias Solution to Drug Use1439 Words   |  6 Pagessize of Russia’s drug trade, both domestic and international has not always been as large as it is today. A UN study on the Russian drug trade has described Russia as â€Å" a country in which a variety of illegal drugs are produced, transited to final markets in Western Europe, and consumed by a growing number of young people. The former USSR did not participate significantly in the international narcotics markets as a consumer or supplier of illicit substances. This pattern of relative self-sufficiencyRead MoreWhat Was The Fall Of The Soviet Union1089 Words   |  5 PagesFall of Soviet Union In December of 1991, the Soviet Union separated into fifteen distinctive countries. Its collapse was enthusiastically greeted by the west as a triumph for freedom. This is a victory of democracy over totalitarianism. The US celebrated as its dreadful enemy defeated, thereafter ending the Cold War, which had fought between two superpowers, America and Soviet Union, since the end of World War II. Cory Booker says, â€Å"If you look at great human civilizations, from the Roman EmpireRead MorePolice Corruption in Russia1430 Words   |  6 PagesPolice corruption is defined as when police, in exercising or failing to exercise their authority act with primary intention of furthering private or departmental / division advantage. Police corruption is a big problem all around the world especially in Russia. The Russian citizens have always been on alert when it comes to the police because of the bad laws, failure of knowing there right as citizens, and sticking up for there themselves. Russ ia is 133rd country out of 176 in the corruption perceptionRead MoreChange Comes At A Price1415 Words   |  6 PagesChange comes at a price. Moldova’s economy is in a critical condition. This small country is a former Soviet Union republic located in the southeastern region of Europe, next to Romania. Its separation from the single-party communist state resulted in devastating economic consequences and increased number of people living in poverty. Moldova is considered the poorest country in Europe based on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The economic crisis in Moldova is a result of the deterioratingRead More From Communism to Democracy Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesthe sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existenceRead MoreEssay on Czechoslovakia875 Words   |  4 PagesWith the collapse of the Soviet authority in 1989, many of the Eastern European countries claimed their independence, and started the process of Democratization in a Post-Communist environment. On January 1, 1993, almost three years after they claimed independence, the first Czechoslovakian constitution was ratified, thus putting the wheel of Democracy into motion. For a little more than ten years, Czechoslovakia has been fashioning itself into a more Democratized country. I am going to examineRead MoreEvents Causes And Consequences Of President Ronald Reagan992 Words   |  4 Pageswanted a firm, patriotic leader who had a plan to fix the economic problems carrying over from the 1970s. Jimmy Carter was running for reele ction, and Americans overall were very unhappy with his leadership. Ronald Reagan emerged as his challenger, a former actor with great public skills and a plan. They elected Ronald Reagan in 1980 who had a controversial plan for fixing the U.S. economy, later dubbed â€Å"Reaganomics.† 1980 Regan’s Plan The economy focused on cutting taxes, reducing the size of governmentRead MoreCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why It Failed1561 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why it Failed Communism is defined as a system of political and economic organization in which property is owned by the community and all citizens share in the enjoyment of the common wealth, more or less according to their need. In 1917 the rise of power in the Marxist-inspired Bolsheviks in Russia along with the consolidation of power by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, the word communism came to mean a totalitarian system controlled by a single political

The Hardship Of American Slavery - 1082 Words

The Hardship of American Slavery Jean-Jacques Rousseau once said, â€Å"Men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains.†(Mulder) Well it is the exact opposite, men are born in chains, and they will have to earn their freedom, because nothing is free in this world or there is no such thing as free lunch as they say. Bing dictionary defines the word slavery as â€Å"the state or condition of being held in involuntary servitude as the property of somebody else.† (Bing Dictionary) They were sold and purchased at many different auctions, and most of the time, they were miserable and afraid. Imagine being traded around like a piece of clothing, wear and tear shows through you, and being shipped to a foreign country. The slaves really had a hard time with their lives. Many Americans ruined African Americans’ lives by treating them as lesser beings and using them for their own needs, this not only takes away their freedom but also their dignity and since the Americ ans took away the slave’s freedom, they shall not deserve any themselves. The slaves were treated poorly and often beaten so the slaves would stay obedient to their master. â€Å"The diary of Bennet H. Barrow, a slave owner from Louisiana, documents almost every one of his daily beating and torturing of slaves, accompanied enigmatically by extensive moral explanations as to why such punishments were necessary.† (San Jose State University) The slaves were confused because they had done nothing wrong, but they were still often getShow MoreRelatedThe American Paradox By Morgan Roney Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages Morgan Roney The American Paradox From the time of the colonial period to the early national period, hardships came about because of differing opinions and views on peoples’ rights. Slavery was a major issue for African Americans along with issues involving equality, race, and liberty. Slavery mainly arose because of the high demand for crops and goods as the world evolved. In the articles by Morgan, Breen and Innes, Holton, Levy, and Rothman the issues dealing with slavery, liberty, and equalityRead MoreThe Effects of Slavery on the African-American Family Structure1272 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Slavery on the African American Family Structure Slavery had an immense impact on African American families, as the familial dynamic of the African American family was in many ways responsible for the stereotypes surrounding black families in the present moment. Not only were families the sole property of their slave owner, but there were laws restricting their rights and privileges. However, despite the fact that the African American slave family existed in a perpetually tumultuousRead MoreLiterature’s Effect During the Abolitionist Movement Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout American history, literature has been used to bring social injustices into public view. One successful example of this was anti-slavery work written before and during the Abolitionist Movement. Abolitionist literature began to appear predominantly in 1820. Until the Civil War, the anti-slavery press produced a steadily growing stream of newspaper articles, periodicals, sermons, childrens publications, speeches, abolitionist society reports, b roadsides, poems, and memoirs of former slavesRead MoreFrederick Douglass, The Most Famous African American Abolitionists And The Greatest American1000 Words   |  4 Pagesis the most famous African-American abolitionists and the greatest American orators. Throughout American history, African-Americans were victims of American governmental policies of harsh slavery. However, Frederick Douglass transforms the way people should understand slavery. He takes charge of upholding slavery to himself and defends the freedom for those in slavery. While other African-Americans did not have a voice, he became the voice for African-American slavery. In this way, Frederick DouglassRead MoreSummary Of Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass702 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery (noun): a condition compared to that of a slave in respect of exhausting labor or restricted freedom. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both born into slavery, and both suffered the consequences of American ignora nce. Jacobs and Douglass provided a brutally honest truth through their poetry about slavery, and how white Americans interpreted slavery. Everyone was subject to Jacobs and Douglass’ assessment on how differently people interpreted what slavery meant – just a means of laborRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Culture1292 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Culture African American vernacular traditions have been around for many centuries and still cease to exist in their culture. The vernacular traditions of the African Americans started when slaves were existent in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. It is believed that the slaves spoke a mix of Creole and partial English, in which they had to create in order to communicate between them discreetly. The vernacular traditions originatedRead More Impact of Revolution on women and slavery Essay611 Words   |  3 Pages The American Revolution caused a change in America that was far greater than just the forming of an independent nation. In the years after the revolution, a government had to be set in place. The new nation was greatly influenced by models of previous governments, including Great Britain and ancient Greece and Rome. Despite the great change in political structure, aspects of social culture were influenced by the revolution as well, especially in the areas of slavery and the st atus of women. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreThe Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano and Amistad604 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano† and â€Å"Amistad† are important stories about slavery in pre-civil war america because they both address the issues of slavery. These gentlemen in the story made a difference in the slave trade. In â€Å"The life of Olaudah Equiano†, Olaudah was sold on a slave ship that came to the Barbados. Olaudah worked for his freedom, and in the end became efficient in American language. He worked his way to the free life and in the end it worked out for him, althoughRead MoreSlavery And Slave Trade During The American Civil War Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean States ended slavery and slave trade in peaceable manners, as the United States of America dissolved slavery and slave trade through the American Civil War. Slavery was a national institution in the United States of America, slav e labor existed in every colony. During the American Great Awakening, guided by Christianity and the Enlightenment, many citizens especially in Northern states, began to oppose slavery. Northern states began passing laws providing for gradual emancipation, someRead MoreSlavery During The United States966 Words   |  4 PagesIt seems as though slavery has always been etched into our history since the beginning of time. The first recordings of slaves are from the Biblical times. From the Babylonian’s, 18th century BC; to the abolishment of slavery in the United States, 1865; people across the world endured the hardships of slavery. People of all races were enslaved, from the Jews to the African American people. The Jewish people suffered a great deal from the Holocaust, according to, the Detroit News, â€Å"Germany has agreed

Patayon parental preference Free Essays

The objective is to determine the proper combination of a limited number of attributes which influences consumer’s mind the most and affects the buying behavior. Conjoint Analysis is done by showing the respondents a controlled set of potential products and analyze how the consumers made their preferences or how they rank the different attributes and then marketing researchers may be able to determine the values of each attributes. The values can be used by the company to develop new products, Improve old ones and generate revenue. We will write a custom essay sample on Patayon parental preference or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his study, he stated that Filipino Passenger car owners consider attributes when deciding upon a passenger car. According to him, Flossing put more importance on price than on any other attribute. In his journal, Doctor Marvin Cruz considered interaction effect as a predictive technique in marketing research. An interaction effect is a respondent’s choice between two or more attributes in which interactions influence respondent’s choices. In his Journal, he discussed about two automobile passenger car namely: Toyota 1. 3- liter Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter City. He cited that some consumer s may prefer to buy Toyota 1 . -liter Bios for no more than PH 539,000. 00 but some respondents may prefer to buy the Honda 1 . -liter City at a higher price than PHI,OHO. O because they view It as a more prestigious car than Toyota. The choices according to Doctor Cruz, Is Influenced by Interaction between two attributes namely price and brand. Not all attributes were considered In his study because of technical restrictions In the statistical methods used. Therefore, the study chose to determine qualitatively the attributes that may be considered important by the consumers. Data were collected from a sample of 300 randomly selected respondents. The first 100 respondents were college students (18-24 y/o) from Atone De Dave University, UP Mindanao, University of Mindanao, Holy Cross of Dave College and Berkshire College. The next 100 respondents consisted of junior professionals (25-39 y/o) while the last remaining 100 respondents were senior professionals (40-64 y/o). In his Findings, Doctor Cruz concluded that all six attributes namely brand, price, style, feature and financing scheme contribute to the total worth or utility assigned by the mall groups of respondents. He also concluded that price significantly affects the total worth of the passenger car. The total worth or utility of either brand (Toyota/ and) decreases as price increases. The 3 main segments ( college students. Junior 1. 3- liter Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter City. And Lastly, that Toyota is the more preferred brand of both senior professionals and Junior professionals. On the other hand, Honda is the more preferred brand of the college students. Additional findings: There are six consumer segments that prefer Toyota than Honda while there are only three consumer segments that prefer Honda. In terms of size Toyota is preferred by around 63% of all respondents while Honda is preferred by 37% of all respondents. In terms of sex, grouping and age, Toyota is more preferred by male college students from the University of Mindanao who are about 20 y/o, male Junior professionals around 32 y/o , male senior professionals who are about 45 y/o, male senior professionals around 46 y/o and female Junior professionals who are about 31 y/o. On the other hand Honda, is more preferred by female Junior professionals who are about 31 years old, female college students who are about 20 years old and female senior professionals who are about 43 y/o. Thru the finding and conclusions of the study it is safe to say that consumers vary according to their value, preferences and range of other characteristics (Elli, Kettle and Sahara Moorish 1992). Not only do consumer exhibit differences from each other, but this also illustrates that if a specific marketing decision may suit a consumer it may not work out for the other. Consumer preferences are based mainly on their belief about how objects perform on their key attributes. Consumer also choose product attributes base don which would give then the best value and benefit sought. Consumer’s preferences may also vary because of their particular experience ND the way they gather and process information. Consumers also consider price as a sacrifice. The Utilities assigned to a passenger car diminishes as price increases. Consumer are price-sensitive buyers which means they are divided by two kinds consumers who are willing to pay for the brand they like and consumer’s that will not sacrifice price for the brand they like. Dave Consumers, based on the study, are those consumers who are not willing to pay price premium for a brand they like. Given this findings, good pricing can play a big role in maximizing number of consumers to pay for the brand they like. Honda and Toyota may have to check their pricing strategy to be able to understand the price sensitivity of their consumers and the possible trade -offs consumers are willing to make between price and product characteristics. The study also showed that passenger cars may be produced with different features that will suit each market segments (students, Junior professional and senior professionals ). Doctor Crud’s recommendation is that using segmenting strategy for a car dealership in Dave City treat the different segments of consumers as different in their preferences for new 1 . -liter car passenger cars. He also cited that each of the brand Toyota and Honda should study further the market segment in which they cannot penetrate well and also monitor possible changes or shifts in the preferences of the penetrated market. First of all, since price is an issue raised in this Journal, I would like to raise the difference between Quality and Value(Price). Quality and Value(Price) are attributes the company. Quality creates value for the product in the eyes of the consumers. Surprisingly, consumers are the ones who defines the value of a product as a reference by analyzing the performance of the product relative to its cost. The company now will be the one to ensure the quality of the product that will provide the consumer the performance it is looking for. Quality is important but consumers purchase a product not because it has quality but they will not buy it in the absence of quality. My first concern for this Journal is Doctor Marvin Cruz failed to raise that quality is still an attribute that is very much considered by Filipinos/ Davison especially Private buyers. A great number of consumer in the Dave City market if to from experience, searches the web, asks friends, acquaintances and relatives which brand is more durable and which brand has a higher quality. If quality was included in the survey questionnaires I think results will be different. Another thing to be considered which is a very integral part in choosing a car is the safety, Doctor Cruz failed to address the issue of safety in his Journal, low price without safety of the passengers inside the car is useless. For one, According to the Wall Street Journal, Toyota has an issue of recalling 6. 39 million vehicles from across the globe. Toyota found defects with seat rails, cables connected to air bags, engine starters, steering column brackets and windshield-wiper motors. These defects are directly connected to the safety of the passengers inside the car. In March, Toyota agreed to pay a $1. 2 billion criminal penalty in a settlement with the U. S. Justice Department, after the company acknowledged having misled consumers about safety problems related to unintended acceleration of a number of its vehicles. Problems related to sudden acceleration resulted in the recall of millions of vehicles from 2009 through 2011. However, it was on 2009 that Toyota started recalling its vehicles, noting that this journal is made on 2003 1 . 3-liter passenger cars. On the other hand Honda cars had some share of mishaps in its vehicles, according to Handsomeness. Com, transmission failure and premature brake wear among the top list when it comes to safety concerns. Lastly, in the Journal Doctor Cruz failed to raise the maintenance of both brands. The price may be cheap but you will be surprised at how much you have spent on the car’s maintenance. I agree when Doctor Cruz raised the issue that ACH of the brands– Honda and Toyota should have a more thorough study in relation to the market segments in which they are not penetrating well, I think the reason why Honda has a much lower amount of respondents is the fact that Honda lacks marketing research and strategy. Toyota on the other hand has been in partnership with various Banks in providing in house financing for individuals and companies. Also, a reason why Toyota is winning in the market is its parts and accessories are easily accessible to Davison and is cheaper compare to Honda. How to cite Patayon parental preference, Papers

Roles And Responsibilities Of Team Members - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Roles And Responsibilities Of Team Members. Answer: Introduction As the number of entrepreneurs increases globally, business heads and organizations must organize their staff so as to harness their maximum performance. The cost of labour is increasing due to high demand for skilled professionals among businesses, making it critical for the businesses harness the maximum output from the staff(Humphrey, 2006). This has made it important to organize stall roles and responsibilities as well as monitor each staff members performance so as to ensure each staff member is delivering value for money invested in them each month. This is especially important for organizations which have a large number of employees as they cannot monitor each staff members performance individually and report on their set target achievement(Brockett Rezaee, 2012). To assist which these task organizations are now using sophisticated computer and smartphone software and tools which help the businesses secure the maximum productivity from their staff. Role Definition To maximize employee performance it is critically to define each staff members roles clearly and provide them with the training as well as job descriptions highlighting their roles and performance expectations. These require being communicated verbally as well as in written format so as to ensure each staff member clearly understands their responsibilities and set targets to be achieved. This also involved the individuals contribution and attendance towards team meeting. These play a huge role as they help an individual demonstrate their ability to share their knowledge and contribute towards a process. It also demonstrates the individuals ability and understanding of a process which is critical towards the organisation suitability and growth. An individuals contributions towards meeting demonstrates their command over the topic which is critical towards the organisations development and helps distinguish leaders and simple staff thus offering staff members a perfect opportunity to d emonstrate their skills, knowledge and capabilities.(Colantonio Roberto Di Pietro, 2012). Maintaining a single role result in boring the staff member and this gradually begins affecting performance, making it important for the businesses to revolve job responsibilities at a set interval of time. This is commonly practiced in banking institutions where staff member tends to revolve from one station to the next which allows them to remain focused and maintain the workstations target as handed over by the previous attendant. Role Responsibilities and Minimum Expectations for Each Role It is critical to maximizing each staff members performance by ensuring the staff member has adequate roles to perform on a daily basis but at the same time, its also important to ensure a certain degree of flexibility is also being delivered. Overburdening the staff with responsibilities and roles can result in discouraging employees from working for the organization or at the department which can result in a high employee turnover rate(Bainey, 2016). To avoid this its important to calculate an individuals maximum potential while working at any given post and set their daily target at 80% of the optimum range. This figure must be monitored while calculating staff performance and efficiency but should not be shared with the staff members who may begin misusing the guidelines. Its important to include all staff towards the role, process and governance development as it allows the staff to also input their knowledge and understanding related to a process. This helps develop most stream lined governance policies which will ensure organisation performance and staff expectations are met. Its important to differentiate staff and management roles so as to encourage maximum productivity but at the same time also consider the humanitarian perspective of the situation. Contingencies To maintain staff roles and responsibilities its also important to organize the staff's contingency and ensure areas such as time management, workflow a commitment towards outcomes is being delivered to each of the staff members(Bamberger, Biron, Meshoulam, 2014). This helps illuminate any possibility of staff members claiming there was no work available to performance which ensures the businesses maximizes work efficiency. Time Management This refers to organizing each staff member daily routine in a strict schedule which will ensure they follow a routine or timetable which will help ensure they utilize their time efficiently. Its important to provide each department with a set of responsibilities and work which they need to complete on a daily basis(Bird, 2010). The work done must be traceable and reported thus helping monitor performance and offer guidance. The team will them require to distribute the work among the team members and follow a set workflow which will help maximize their performance and utilize their time efficiently in the workplace. Work Flow To develop a daily routine, or timetable the organization will have to have adequate work to perform on a daily basis. This makes it important for staff to therefore gradually increase to an organization as the number of responsibilities increase. This requires proper planning and accountability whereby the staff's performance and commitment toward their work are evaluated and justified. Only when there is adequate amounts of workflow should additional staff members are included in the organization thus ensuring they are utilized effectively(Epstein Maltzman, 2013). Its the responsibilities of the organization to ensure the staff has adequate workflow at all-time which required to be monitored, completed and evaluated. Staff performance can only be truly evaluated and maintained if there is a smooth flow of work thus the management must be able to distribute their workflow amount the staff to ensure each staff member has adequate work on a daily basis to justify their job role. Written Communication Monitoring plays a huge role towards the businesses performance and to monitor the staff effectively the businesses will have to maintain open communication lines with its staff members. This is critical as it helps educate the staff members regarding their performance thus allowing them to understand areas they need to improve with relation to their performance(Schwartz, 2001). Its also important as this documents an individuals staff members performance during a fixed period of time which contributes towards the individuals performance and future development. communication must be verbal but at the same time, the organization has to also ensure this instruction or advise is provided to the student in written format thus ensuring the instruction have been documented. There must also be a hierarchy approach linked to written communication whereby staff members are expected to report to set number of higher staff members and teammates regarding their daily performance and achievements on a daily basis(Bhattacharyya, 2011). The organisation must also include a clear vision and mission statement which helps outline the organisations expectations and helps boost employee motivation. Conclusion Maximising team member roles and responsibilities is an area which each organization focuses its full attention on the organization must justify each staff members performance. This requires for the coordination of several departments who will need to work together on a daily basis to ensure employees are delivering their maximum potential on a daily basis thus ensuring they are justifying their salary from the organization. Bibliography Bainey, K. (2016). Integrated IT Performance Management. Boca Roton. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014). Human Resource Strategy: Formulation, Implementation, and Impact. Routledge. Bhattacharyya, D. K. (2011). Performance Management Systems and Strategies. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Bird, P. (2010). Improve Your Time Management: Teach Yourself. Hachette UK. Brockett, A., Rezaee, Z. (2012). Corporate Sustainability: Integrating Performance and Reporting. John Wiley Sons. Colantonio, A., Roberto Di Pietro, A. O. (2012). Role Mining in Business: Taming Role-based Access Control Administration. London: World Scientific. Epstein, D., Maltzman, R. (2013). Project Workflow Management: A Business Process Approach. J. Ross Publishing. Humphrey. (2006). Tsp(Sm): Leading A Development Team. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Schwartz, A. E. (2001). Performance Management: Work and Development. Andrew E Schwartz.